Should We Blame Video Games For Violence - 1295 Words

â€Å"Should We Blame Video Games for Violence† Video games; a pastime for many people across the world, a form of entertainment, and, of course, a way to destress yourself from the outside world. Video games have been around since October 18, 1958 and have been evolving rapidly through the years. â€Å" More than fifty years ago, before either arcades or home video games, visitors waited in line at Brookhaven National Laboratory to play â€Å"Tennis for Two,† an electronic tennis game that is unquestionably a forerunner of the modern video game† (â€Å"The First Video Game† 1). Since then, you can play video games at a local arcade or buy a copy of a game you like at a store like Gamestop! There are several companies and millions of titles of games to play from and, definitely, a wide variety of platforms to play on. Video games have a plethora of genres and types of games to play. For example, one could embark on a new journey in a role-playing game like Fallout 3 to playing an american football game in the Madden series. The options do not just end right there! Since video games are advancing so if there content! Specifically, in their action and shooter genre. In a modern action/ shooting games, one can see the blood and even characters get their head blown off. Some video game titles have mass murder scenes and even sexual themes. â€Å"As the level of violence in video games has increased, so has concern for the effects on those who play - especially those who play a lot† (â€Å"Video GameShow MoreRelatedThe Effect of Violence in the Media on Children Essay1150 Words   |  5 PagesTelevision, movies, and video games are a big part of childrens lives in todays technologically advanced society. However, there is a big controversy questioning the effects of these media outlets on children. Much of society claims to have proof for the belief that media violence affects children negatively. However, I am skeptical of the evidence that is stated to prove that claim. I feel that society has placed the blame on these mediums for the violent acts, however serious or trivial,Read More Violence in the Media is Not to Blame for the Effect on Children1158 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effect of Violence in the Media on Children Television, movies, and video games are a big part of children’s lives in today’s technologically advanced society. However, there is a big controversy questioning the effects of these media outlets on children. Much of society claims to have proof for the belief that media violence affects children negatively. However, I am skeptical of the evidence that is stated to prove that claim. I feel that society has placed the blame on these mediums forRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Young Children, Teenagers, And Adults1297 Words   |  6 Pagesoutraged by violence in the media. Whether in video games, books, radio, music, or television, there is always someone or something to blame for the violence. Violence is everywhere in the media , there is no disagreeing with that. Whether it be movies, television, video games, or music, there will always be violence, but blaming it on movies, television, video games, or music is not the answer. If blame needs to be placed why are the parent of the children who choose to commit acts of violence not Read MoreViolence in Television, Movies, and Video Games Should Not Be Censored1653 Words   |  7 PagesVIOLENCE IN TELEVISION, MOVIES, AND VIDEO GAMES SHOULD NOT BE CENSORED Television, movies, and video games have a great influence on the minds of todays youth. But, what exactly are the effects of such an influence? Certain people have exaggerated the effects that these media have on todays youth. Many people, including government officials, have singled out these three media sources as the cause of some types of violence simply because it is an easy target for laying the blame. The truth isRead MoreYouth Violence: Is the Media to Blame?1514 Words   |  7 PagesYouth Violence: Is the Media to Blame? COM/156 07/27/13 Mallory Dunkley Youth Violence: Is the Media to Blame? Not all children who watch violent programming get in trouble with the law; some feel that there is a strong direct link between the two. There is a good deal of compelling data that suggests that there is a direct link between the media and youth violence. Throughout our history, the media has and can influence people in different ways but the more obvious questionRead MoreVideo Games and Their Role in Violence and Bullying Essay1374 Words   |  6 Pagesmature video games that the children play on their media device. However, many people say that there are other reasons that children show aggressive behavior and why they become bullies to other children. I believe that there are other reasons than video games that cause a child to become disobedient and unruly. There are many studies that show that video games are not the reason behind the youth’s behavior but other factors in their lives. Although the studies show that it is not video games to blameRead MoreDo Violent Vi deo Games Make People More Violent?1277 Words   |  6 PagesViolent Video Games Make People More Violent in Real Life? The American Psychological Association reports that more than 90% of children in the United States play video games.Among kids between the ages of 12 and 17, the number rises to 97%. The psychological group also reported that 85% or more of video games on the market contain some form of violence (Do Video Games Lead to Violence). A video game may be considered violent if it contains â€Å"violent† language, gore/blood, and crime. Video games areRead More Violent Video Games did Not Cause the Columbine High School Shooting1634 Words   |  7 Pagesscientific credentials or otherwise, I have concluded that video games are no more to blame for the ebullition found in today’s society than any other possible cause. However, the incessant brouhaha as well as the negative notoriety surrounding media and video games refuses to cease or let up. These claims—for or against video games—are ultimately subjective and inconclusive and very little can be confidently derived from them. Granted, the violence found in our youth is growing rapidly, and there mustRead MoreThe Media is not to Blame for the Violence in Society Essay698 Words   |  3 PagesThe Media is not to Blame for the Violence in Society People are quick to blame violence in our society on television, movies or video games because they are simple believable targets. We have to look beyond this disinformation and attack the real causes for the violence in our society. Violence in television programs, movies, or video games will not make a person kill someone else. People watch violent images all the time, and only a very small percent of them actually commit violent crimesRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Violent Video Games1534 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"We cannot and will not ban the creation of violent video games. But, we can prevent the distribution of these disturbing games to children, where their effects can be negative.† (Kohl, Herb). Violent video games have been blamed for children poor school performance, mental development, and aggressive behavior; there are many studies conducted by different psychologists and experts in the area, and they came up with different results. Most people and studies beli eve that children are the primary

The Philippine Insurrection Free Essays

The late nineteen and early twentieth century marked the American interventions in South America and some part of Asia particularly Mexico and the Philippines. Events such as these established America as the credible and true superpower in the whole world. Its strategic involvement in many internal disputes of many countries paved the way in its recognition being a hegemony and symbol of peace and democracy. We will write a custom essay sample on The Philippine Insurrection or any similar topic only for you Order Now America’s involvement in many wars such as the First World War and Second World War resulted to enormous expansion of its political and economic power in the international arena. This is because America’s influence has gained the support of many countries especially those that adhere to freedom and democracy. The United Nations also found an ally in America in the promotion of world peace. One might question as to how America established credibility at the center of world conflict during that period. Another question would be what possible mistake America has committed that led to its defeat in wars in Vietnam, Somalia, and Iraq. In the light of history some factors that resulted to either victory or defeat of America in its involvement in different events in history might provide answers, and perhaps lesson to learn in its fight for freedom and democracy. The insurrection in the Philippines that took place after the United States bought it from Spanish was so intense that led to the killing of many American soldiers because Aguinaldo’s men were scattered around the Philippines to support the newly established government. On the other hand, the American intervention in Mexico during its revolution in 1911 was not as violent as what it did to the Philippines because Mexico was at the point of securing a government that was previously and legally established unlike the Philippines where it cost the United States large amount of money for its ownership. America’s effort could be presumed as for the purpose of annexation and expansion of its power and to utilize the resources of its colonies. Generally, the United States’ success and failure in its intervention in the internal conflict of the Philippines and Mexico during the early twentieth century was due to its ability to display knowledge of the cultural and historical background of the subjects. A careful analysis of the culture and its history was obviously helpful in formulating strategies to invade the country using its weakest point. At this point, it is important to view both Philippine revolution in 1898 and Mexican revolution in 1902 as the people’s reaction to end social struggles in their country. Philippines dreamed to gain freedom from the bondage of three-hundred years of oppressive colonial rule of Spain, while Mexico wanted to end its labor dispute and social conflict. American’s action to end Filipinos’ struggle for freedom was both noble and intruding Epifanio San Juan described the Filipino-American in 1898 to 1902 as a â€Å"fierce campaign of suppression† of Filipinos’ right for independence (p. 228). In the statement of President Aguinaldo’s adviser, Apolinario Mabini, Americans wrestled with weak people to rob them of their rights, which â€Å"believed to be inherent in natural law† (p. 229). Philippines after achieving long dreamed liberation from Spanish colonization woke up one morning with new colonizer – the Americans. Brian Dirck stated that Filipinos’ effort to establish new government on its own â€Å"turned their attention to throwing the Americans out† (p. 50). The Filipinos’ reaction against the new colonizer could be easily link to their antagonistic feeling towards foreign powers imposing their will upon them. The three hundred years of oppressive colonial rule had left an enduring mark among the natives, thus they tend to be violent to the new colonial master which are now starting to impose their own will. Dirk stated that the Filipinos effort led to â€Å"violent confrontations †¦, with insurgents destroying military targets, harassing and killing American soldiers, and persuading (by force, if necessary) wavering Philippine civilians to join the independence movement† (p. 50-51). Americans’ response to this condition according to Dirck was characterized by both â€Å"a carrot and a stick† (p. 51), which means that Americans tried to win the hearts and minds of the Filipinos through civic efforts such as construction of roads, schools, hospitals, etc, and at the same time combating the insurgent through its brutal tactics aiming at those involved in the resistance. The American efforts of re-establishing the Philippines however, were commendable. Unlike the Spanish rule which were marred with corruption, exploitation, oppression, discrimination, and injustice, the Americans were sincere in their efforts towards developing the Philippine nation. Unfortunately, the new colonizer for Filipinos was truly traumatic while the need for self-government was perceived as necessary that despite regional differences the people were united to attain that dream. Americans understood it well; the government’s promised independence served as the strong tie between the two countries. The Americans were indeed a better colonizer, as they were determined to develop the country by educating the people by fostering infrastructure developments and by putting the country towards the right direction. In his letter to the Atlantic Monthly for February, 1909: W. Cameron Forbes, then governor wrote, â€Å"We have completed the separation of Church and State, buying out from the religious orders their large agricultural properties, which are now administered by the government for the benefit of the tenants. We have put the finances on a sound basis†¦ We have established schools throughout the archipelago, teaching upward half a million children† (Ford, R. p. 213). The American intervention in the Philippines can be considered successful in view of the three critical factors that were important in achieving their goals. It was clear that the goals of the United States in were to establish their supremacy in Asia. These three factors include Education, Infrastructure developments, and Economic rehabilitation. These factors were clearly illustrated in the letter of Cameron Forbes above, in which the Americans did well, and eventually gained the support and loyalty of the Filipino people. Besides, the newly established government led by Aguinaldo was premature and the whole country was not prepared for self-government. The American intervention in Mexico appeared as for self-interest American intervention in the civil war began when General Victoriano Huerta said â€Å"I will not recognize a government of butchers† (p. 866), which angered U. S. President Wilson. He supported new revolutionary army under Venustiano Carranza; American force took Veracruz but it was rejected by Mexican people who at that point united to rebuff foreign invasion. Since Carranza the leader of Constitutionalists who occupied the city in 1914 was chosen and supported by the American to lead the war, America thought it would interfere with its government once it was established (p. 866). However, disagreement between Carranza and Wilson over the interest of Mexico led to closer relations between Germany and Mexico, thus, the American intervention in Mexico â€Å"provoked strong sense of nationalism where Carranza adopted a firm anti-U. S. stance† (p. 869). The American intervention in Mexico was therefore a failure. There was no doubt that one of the causes of this failure was the U. S. display of arrogant colonial attitude at the Tampiko incident involving US sailors who were mistakenly arrested in the offshore of Tampico in April 9, 1914. Upon realizing their mistakes, the Mexican officials quickly released the sailors and apologized for their mistakes. However, as Stacy pointed out, â€Å"†¦ the naval commander demanded that the Mexican salute the US flag. Mexico’s response refusing US demand could be just the right thing to do being an independent and sovereign nation. However, the US action was punitive yet without justifiable cause. Despite the apology made by the Mexican officials, they invaded Veracruz killing more than two hundred Mexican in the process, all for the Huerta’s refusal to salute the American flag. In effect, this action united Mexican of all factions against the Americans (Stacy, p. 866). Another cause of the failure of American intervention in Mexico was that the intervention lacked noble objective. While Mexico has been in the throes of social, political, and economic disorders, it appears that not one of these was the reason of American intervention in Mexico. Rather, as Stacy pointed out, the American action was triggered by the remark made by the acting president General Victoriano Huerta saying â€Å"I will not recognize a government of butchers† (Stacy, p. 866). Besides, the conflict between America and Mexico according to Alan McPherson â€Å"had a lasting impact in Mexico†¦ [that] inspired both resentment about the past and trepidation about the future† (p. 39). The third factor for the American intervention was the political and economic interest of the U. S. Hart noted that the US alliance with prominent Mexican opposition yielded much of the Mexican land to American capitalist (Hart, p. 287). America wanted to protect its interest over the land. Hart mentioned that â€Å"Wilson administration policies toward the Mexican Revolution continued the defense initiated by President Taft and the state government of Texas of American property and commercial interests inside Mexico and along the border† (Hart, p. 283). The American intervention in the Philippines and Mexico provides had some degree of similarities and differences. Both countries had been under Spanish colonial rule; both had experienced socio-economic and political disorders, oppression, exploitation, and poverty. However, in contrast with Mexico, the American interventions in the Philippines were motivated by a more justifiable objectives and colonial policies. While the American objectives maybe was to protect its own personal interests in Asia, their policies towards the subdued people were nobler and were aimed towards the development of the nation and its people. American intervention in Mexico on the other hand was merely based on subjective political issues that may not be directly beneficial to the masses. Conclusion Success and failure of American intervention was due largely on its ability to display knowledge of culture and history of the countries. America interfered in the internal affair of the Philippines by winning the heart and mind of much larger Filipinos through civic actions while torturing those who resisted America. Filipinos therefore developed loyalty to the Americans. Mexico on the other hand, rejected intervention from America because of the previous Mexican-American War that occurred in 1846. America failed to draft policies that would end the social problem in the land; rather it appeared as invader who would rob the people of their rights over the properties of their land. There are two sources of learning from these two cases of US interventions not so much because it involved two countries, but because this situation involved two different approaches of interventions. First, military intervention in the Philippines was successful in view of their development effort. They were successful in conveying to the natives their concern to educate them, to build roads projects and hospitals. On the other hand, Mexicans’ struggle to attain economic freedom and equality was not given attention; instead it resulted to more hostilities. It is therefore obvious that intervention should be made according to a clear purpose of building lasting relationship in which both countries will gain benefits. Primarily addressing the cause of conflict is the best strategy to employ to gain citizens’ loyalty. Reference Dirck, B. (2003) Waging War on Trial. USA: ABC-CLIO. Hart, J. M. (1997) Revolutionary Mexico. USA: University of California Press. McPherson, A. (2006) Anti-Americanism in Latin America and the Caribbean. USA: Berghahn Books. Rhodes, J. F. (2007) The McKinley and Roosevelt Administration 1897-1909 USA: READ BOOKS San Juan, E. (2004) Working Through the Contradictions: From Cultural Theory to Critical Practice. USA: Bucknell University Press. Stacey, L. (2002) Mexico and the United States. USA: Marshall Cavendish. How to cite The Philippine Insurrection, Papers

Human Rights, Development, Challenges and Democracy Essay Sample free essay sample

The protection of Human rights act. 1993 of India. in subdivision 2 ( vitamin D ) defines Human rights as the â€Å"the right associating to life. autonomy. equality and self-respect of the person. guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the international compacts. enforceable by tribunals in India† . The paper trades with the conce [ platinum and history of human rights that how human rights were officially recognized after II universe war by United Nations with the primary end of bolstering international peace and forestalling struggle established a Commission on Human Rights and charged it with the undertaking of outlining a papers spelling out the significance of the cardinal rights and freedoms proclaimed in the Charter. The Government of India did recognize the demand to set up an independent organic structure for publicity and protection of human rights. The constitution of an independent National Human Rights Commission ( Commission ) by the Government of India r eflects its committedness for effectual execution of human rights commissariats under national and international instruments. The paper contains the major issues of misdemeanor of human rights prevalent in India and how the threat of these misdemeanors can be curbed through certain responses and schemes. IntroductionEvery homo being has certain involvements which he seeks to exert in the signifier of entitlements. These claims. autonomies. powers and unsusceptibilities are described under the homonym ‘rights’ . These rights do non owe their being to any jurisprudence. They are gifts nature. Thomas Jefferson declared that all work forces are created every bit and they are endowed with certain unalienable rights to life. autonomy and chase of felicity. These rights of work forces and adult females compendiously came to be accepted as ‘Human Rights’ . These are ‘irreducible minima’ which belong to every member of human race when pitted against the province or other public governments or group. packs and other oppressive communities. They are inviolable and can non be lawfully denied or abrogated by any power of the province. Human rights are those minimal rights against public authorization or province or individual. which are available to every in dividual by virtuousness of being a member of human household. They have their beginning from natural jurisprudence which is superior to manmade jurisprudence. The protection of Human rights act. 1993 of India. in subdivision 2 ( vitamin D ) defines Human rights as the â€Å"the right associating to life. autonomy. equality and self-respect of the person. guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the international compacts. enforceable by tribunals in India† One of the really first paperss. which recognized certain human rights which were to be protected by the crowned head was the ‘Magna Carta’ . which was signed by King John of England on 15th June. 1215. The Magna Carta was later reaffirmed by king Edward III in 1354. whereby a farther project was given on behalf of the crowned head that no individual would be prejudiced by any province action or be harmed. except in due procedure of jurisprudence. which has since become one of the major rules associating to the regulation of jurisprudence and the enforcement of Human Rights all over the universe and has found nutriment in judicial dictums. The look is besides inc luded in Article 21 of the fundamental law which guarantees the right to life. In the early portion of the twentieth century the universe witnessed two universe wars which struck at the very foundation of the construct of protection of human rights and caused the universe community to believe of a corporate mechanism by which such catastrophes could be prevented in future. The said deliberations led to the formation of the United Nations in 1945 and the publication of the United Nations charter and in bend drafted the momentous Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR ) . The protection of Human rights act. 1993. was enacted by the legislative assembly in response to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. the compact on civil and political rights and the compact on economic and societal and cultural rights adopted by the U. N general assembly in December. 1965. India being a party to the said compacts promulgated the said act with the object of representing a National Human Rights Commission. State Human Rights Commission in provinces and Human Rights Courts for better protection of human rights and for the affairs connected therewith or incidental thereto. Section 2 ( 1 ) ( vitamin D ) of the said act defines â€Å"Human Rights† to intend the rights relating to life. autonomy. equality and self-respect of the single guaranteed by the fu ndamental law or embodied in the international compacts and enforceable by tribunals in India. Article 21 of the fundamental law. has frequently been described as a instead apparent statement of the most of import of human rights. viz. . the cardinal rights to protection of life and personal autonomy. except harmonizing to process established by jurisprudence. It was left to judicial reading and/or invention to take a breath life into those simple words in assorted judicial dictums which have given a new Dimension to Article 21 and transformed it into a vibrant and dynamic beginning of inspiration to give significance to the construct of a life of self-respect and meaningful being as a human being. There are certain chief issues of misdemeanor of human rights in India like Domestic force. colza. kid matrimony. kid maltreatment. child labour etc which needs to be curbed. These threats could be curbed by following certain schemes like organizing particular tribunals. engagement of NGO’s and following extraordinary Torahs and most significantly Judicial Activism. The Universal Declaration of Human RightsThe thought of human rights emerged stronger after World War II. The extinction by Nazi Germany of over six million Jews. Sinti and Romani ( itinerants ) . homophiles. and individuals with disablements horrified the universe. Tests were held in Nuremberg and Tokyo after World War II. and functionaries from the defeated states were punished for perpetrating war offenses. â€Å"crimes against peace. † and â€Å"crimes against humanity. † Governments so committed themselves to set uping the United Nations. with the primary end of bolstering international peace and forestalling struggle. Peoples wanted to guarantee that neer once more would anyone be unjustly denied life. freedom. nutrient. shelter. and nationality. The kernel of these emerging homo rights rules was captured in President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s 1941 State of the Union Address when he spoke of a universe founded on four indispensable freedoms: freedom of ad dress and faith and freedom from privation and fright ( See Using Human Rights Here amp ; Now ) . The calls came from across the Earth for human rights criterions to protect citizens from maltreatments by their authoritiess. criterions against which states could be held accountable for the intervention of those populating within their boundary lines. These voices played a critical function in the San Francisco meeting that drafted the United Nations Charter in 1945. Member provinces of the United Nations pledged to advance regard for the human rights of all. To progress this end. the UN established a Commission on Human Rights and charged it with the undertaking of outlining a papers spelling out the significance of the cardinal rights and freedoms proclaimed in the Charter. The Commission. guided by Eleanor Roosevelt’s forceful leading. captured the world’s attending. On December 10. 1948. the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR ) was adopted by the 56 members of the United Nations. The ballot was consentaneous. although eight states chose to abstain. The UDHR. normally referred to as the international Magna Carta. extended the revolution in international jurisprudence ushered in by the United Nations Charter – viz. . that how a authorities treats its ain citizens is now a affair of legitimate international concern. and non merely a domestic issue. It claims that all rights are mutualist and indivisible. Its Preamble articulately asserts that: Recognition of the built-in self-respect and of the equal and unalienable rights of all members of the human household is the foundation of freedom. justness. and peace in the universe. The influence of the UDHR has been significant. Its rules have been incorporated into the fundamental laws of most of the more than 185 states now in the UN. Although a declaration is non a lawfully binding papers. the Universal Declaration has achieved the position of customary international jurisprudence because people regard it â €Å"as a common criterion of accomplishment for all people and all states. † The Human Rights Covenants With the end of set uping mechanisms for implementing the UDHR. the UN Commission on Human Rights proceeded to outline two pacts: the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( ICCPR ) and its optional Protocol and the International Covenant on Economic. Social and Cultural Rights ( ICESCR ) . Together with the Universal Declaration. they are normally referred to as the International Bill of Human Rights. The ICCPR focuses on such issues as the right to life. freedom of address. faith. and voting. The ICESCR focuses on such issues as nutrient. instruction. wellness. and shelter. Both compacts trumpet the extension of rights to all individuals and prohibit favoritism. As of 1997. over 130 states have ratified these compacts. The United States. nevertheless. has ratified merely the ICCPR. and even that with many reserves. or formal exclusions. to its full conformity. ( See From Concept to Convention: How Human Rights Law Evolves ) . Subsequent Human Rights Documents In add-on to the compacts in the International Bill of Human Rights. the United Nations has adopted more than 20 chief pacts further lucubrating human rights. These include conventions to forestall and forbid specific maltreatments like anguish and race murder and to protect particularly vulnerable populations. such as refugees ( Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. 1951 ) . adult females ( Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. 1979 ) . and kids ( Convention on the Rights of the Child. 1989 ) . As of 1997 the United States has ratified merely these conventions: The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide The Convention on the Political Rights of Women The Slavery Convention of 1926The Convention against Torture and Other Cruel. Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment Government functionaries who understand the human rights model can besides consequence far making alteration for freedom. Many United States Presidents such as Abraham Lincoln. Franklin Roosevelt. Lyndon B. Johnson. and Jimmy Carter have taken strong bases for human rights. In other states leaders like Nelson Mandela and Vaclev Havel have brought approximately great alterations under the streamer of human rights. Human rights are an thought whose clip has come. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a call to freedom and justness for people throughout the universe. Every twenty-four hours authoritiess that violate the rights of their citizens are challenged and called to undertaking. Every twenty-four hours human existences worldwide mobilize and confront unfairness and inhumaneness. Like beads of H2O falling on a stone. they wear down the forces of subjuga tion and travel the universe closer to accomplishing the rules expressed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Role of National Human Rights Commission of IndiaThe Government of India did recognize the demand to set up an independent organic structure for publicity and protection of human rights. The constitution of an independent National Human Rights Commission ( Commission ) by the Government of India reflects its committedness for effectual execution of human rights commissariats under national and international instruments. The Commission came into consequence on 12 October 1993. by virtuousness of the Protection of Human Rights Act 1993. Fourteen Indian States have besides set up their ain human rights committees to cover with misdemeanors from within their provinces. The Act contains wide commissariats related with its map and powers. composing and other related facets. The Indian Constitution provides certain rights for persons in Part III of the Constitution. which are known as the cardinal rights. Part IV sets out the Directing Principles of State Policy. While the former warrants c ertain rights to the person. the latter gives way to the State to supply economic and societal rights to its people in specified mode. The word fundamental means that these rights are built-in in all the human existences and basic and indispensable for the person. However. the rights guaranteed in the Constitution are required to be in conformance with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and International Covenant on Economic. Social and Cultural Rights in position of the fact that India has become a party to these Covenants by signing them. The justifiability of cardinal rights is itself guaranteed under the Indian Constitution. The duty for the enforcement of the cardinal rights lies with the Supreme Court by virtuousness of Article 32 and by Article 226 to the High Courts. The Fundamental law of the Commission dealt with in Chapter II of the Act. Section 3 of the Act says: . â€Å" the Cardinal authorities shall represent a organic structure to be known to the National Human Rights Commission to exert the powers conferred upon. and to execute the maps assigned to it. under this Act. The Comm ission shall dwell of ( a ) A Chairperson who has been a Chief Justice of the Supreme Court ; ( B ) One Member who is. or has been a justice of the Supreme Court ; ( degree Celsius ) One Member who is. or has been the Chief Justice of the High Court ; ( vitamin D ) Two members to be appointed from amongst individuals holding cognition of. or practical experience in. affairs associating to human rights. The central office of the Commission shall be Delhi and the Commission may. with the old blessing of the Cardinal Government. set up offices at other topographic points in India. Wide powers and maps have been given to the Commission under section12 of the Act. The paragraph ( a ) of subdivision 12 provides. that the Commission can ask suo motu action against any public retainer against whom a ailment has been registered for misdemeanor of human rights. Section 12 ( B ) provides that the Commission can step in in any proceeding affecting any allegation of a misdemeanor of human rights pending before a Court with the blessing of such Court. Section 12 ( degree Celsius ) empowers the Commission to see any gaol or other establishment anterior hint to the State Government. for the intent of chiefly supervising prison or tutelary law. The Commission can do recommendations to State Governments on the footing of such visits. The Commission found after sing many gaols that hapless conditions prevailed in gaols in which captives are forced to populate. In its position this is non due to a deficiency of thoughts but due to apathy and miss of precedence accorded to prison conditions and the rights of captives and under tests. The Commission has already initiated action to better prison conditions in India. and started analyzing all predominating studies related with prisons. The Commission has recommended the readying of a new All India Jail Manual and besides suggested the alteration of the old Indian Prison Act of 1894. The Commission sought aid from all who believe that human self-respect must non be left when a individual enters the Gatess of a prison. Section 12 ( vitamin D ) empowers the Commission to reexamine the precautions provided under the Constitution or any jurisprudence for the clip being in force for the protection of human rights and besides to urge steps for their effectual execution. Under Section 12 ( vitamin E ) there is a separate proviso to reexamine the causes of terrorist act. which inhibits the enjoyment of human rights. and to urge appropriate remedial steps. Section 12 ( degree Fahrenheit ) provides for the survey of all pacts related with international human rights instruments and the devising of recommendations for their effectual execution. Section 12 ( g ) provides for publicity of research in the field of human rights. Section 12 ( H ) empowers the Commission to distribute human rights literacy among assorted subdivisions of society and promote consciousness of the precautions available for the protection of these rights through publication. the media. seminars and other available agencies. Section 12 ( I ) empowers the Commission to promote the attempts of Non- governmental administrations ( NGOs ) working in the field of human rights. Last. Section 12 ( J ) provides. such other maps as it may see necessary for the publicity of human rights. A Function OF HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES IN INDIAThis subdivision sets out the issues which inhabit the human rights landscape in countries of ordinary administration. Custodial ViolenceDetention deceases. anguish in detention and tutelary colza have been topics of much concern. Custodial force has been on the docket of civil rights groups for over two decennaries. and studies documenting cases of force and its systemic happening. have been instrumental in the runs against tutelary force. Although detention deceases have found an recognition from the province. and the NHRC has issued waies to the provinces †¢ To describe of the NHRC any decease in detention within 24 hours of the happening. and †¢ To videotape the post-mortem proceedings. it is hard to measure if this has resulted in any decrease in the incidence of detention deceases. NHRC studies show a pronounced addition in the reported instances of detention deceases each twelvemonth. This is attributed. by the NHRC. to increased coverage and non to increased incidence of the offense ; this. nevertheless. demands to be farther investigated. The incidence of detention deceases demonstrates more undeniably the brutalisation of the procedures of jurisprudence enforcement by the constabulary and armed forces. However. tutelary anguish ( non ensuing in decease ) is non at the focal point of runs to cut down tutelary force. There are few topographic points which have taken up the intervention of the victims of anguish as victims of anguish. The Indian province. in the interim. has resisted efforts ( including that of the NHRC ) to hold it sign the Torture Convention. Sexual Harassment at the WorkplaceThis issue acquired visibleness with the determination of the Supreme Court in â€Å"Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan† . The Supreme Court of India in its 1977 judgement in Vishakha and others vs. State of Rajasthan and others makes it obligatory for every employer and other responsible individuals to follow the guidelines laid down by the Court and to germinate a specific policy to battle sexual torment in the workplace. Educational establishments are bound by the same directive. The right of adult females to protection from sexual torment and the right to work with self-respect are recognized as cosmopolitan human rights by international instruments such as the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women ( CEDAW ) . which has been ratified by India. The Supreme Court in the Vishakha judgement has held that each incident of sexual torment consequences in the misdemeanor of the cardinal rights of Gender Equality and the Right to Life and Liberty. Sexual torment is a clear misdemeanor of woman’s right to gender equality as guaranteed under Articles 14 and 15. her right to populate with self-respect under Article 21 and her right to work with self-respect in a safe environment under Article 19 ( 1 ) ( g ) of the Constitution of India. Sexual torment accompanied by force has become a common characteristic with instances of acid throwing where there is unanswered love. and torment which has culminated in the slaying of a hounded miss. Rape In the ‘80s and into the early ‘90s.†¢ The definition of colza†¢ The significance of consent in the context of colza†¢ Marital colza Was widely discussed. and alternate bill of exchanges and definitions essayed. In 1994. the National Commission for Women ( NCW ) was asked by the Supreme Court to suggest a strategy for set uping Rape Crisis Centers. and for a Criminal Injuries Compensation Board. which could care for victims of offense. This is yet to happen. In the interim. the women’s motion in Rajasthan has got the disposal to supply pecuniary alleviation to victims of colza. unconnected with test and strong belief. Though this has. at least on occasion. resulted in the veracity of the accusal being challenged as holding been made so as to obtain the amount in compensation. it is seen as a move to assisting the adult female recover. The low rates of strong belief for colza. and the protest from women’s groups. were held out to warrant a proposed amendment to condemnable jurisprudence to supply decease punishment for the offense of colza. The struggle between commissariats of the decease punishment and human rights has surfaced. even if bit by bit. and the groups we met. every bit good as the National Commission for Women. have rejected the proposal for decease punishment for the offense of colza. Domestic Violence The US Office on Violence Against Women ( OVW ) defines domestic force as a â€Å"pattern of opprobrious behaviour in any relationship that is used by one spouse to derive or keep power and control over another confidant partner† . The definition adds that domestic force â€Å"can happen to anyone regardless of race. age. sexual orientation. faith. or gender† . and can take many signifiers. including physical maltreatment. sexual maltreatment. emotional. economic. and psychological maltreatment. . There has been a conjunct attempt to convey in a jurisprudence to cover with domestic force. A Bill prepared. debated and presented to the authorities by a women’s organisation has been adopted by Parliament for treatment. which is a important measure in a non-governmental function in jurisprudence devising. S. 498 A was introduced into the Penal Code in 1983. It makes inhuman treatment to a adult female within the marital place punishable with imprisonment up to three old ages and mulct. It is a knowable. non-bailable. offense. Widespread force against adult females. and increasing grounds of adult females deceasing unnatural deceases in the marital places provoked the women’s motion to demand a alteration in the condemnable jurisprudence. The offense is non-bailable. that is a ailment under s. 498 A. one time registered as an FIR. would ensue in the apprehension of the members of the marital household of the adult female. They would hold to be granted bond by a tribunal before release. and this could maintain them in detention for changing periods of clip. In affairs of remittal of sentence. excessively. wrongdoers convicted under s. 498 A may be excluded. On the one manus. there have been ailments of the abuse of this proviso. and the attendant torment. frequently captivity. of many members of the household complained against. On the other. there is small range to deny that the incidence of inhuman treatment. including physical inhuman treatment. which leads even to decease. is inordinately high. This is an issue yet unresolved ; the Domestic Violence Bill may hold some impact on it. In the interim. an activist attorney asserts that the phenomenon of force and decease in the marital place should non necessitate to be linked constantly with the phenomenon of dowery ; force and inhuman treatment are independent entities within many places. An militant besides told us: when a adult male beats his married woman on a regular basis. and the married woman gets him soundly thrashed by the constabulary. civil autonomies groups are sometimes confused on what base to take. Child Marriage Though a jurisprudence forbiding child matrimony has been in the legislative act books since 1929. it is still performed in many parts of India. For case. the pattern of executing kid matrimonies on Akha Teej. it is reported. has non stopped in Rajasthan. Harmonizing to UNICEF. 47 % of misss are married by 18 old ages of age. and 18 % are married by 15 old ages of age. India has made child matrimony illegal. but it is still widely practiced across the state. The highest rates are seen peculiarly in the rural provinces of Andhra Pradesh. Bihar. Madhya Pradesh. Rajasthan. and Uttar Pradesh. Coming into consequence on November 1. 2007. the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act ( PCMA ) was put into topographic point to turn to and repair the defects of the Child Marriage Restraint Act. The alteration in name was meant to reflect the bar and prohibition of child matrimony. instead than keeping it. Child Labour The Constitution of India in the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy prohibits child labour below the age of 14 old ages in any mill or mine or engaged in any other risky employment ( Article 24 ) . Apart from the employment of kids in work. including those classified as risky. it is reported that †¢ Child workers employed in places and in commercial workplaces were subjected to maltreatment. The chaining of bonded kid labor in the rug industry near Varanasi so that they could non get away was reported. Injuries on the individual of domestic kid workers in Delhi sometimes ensuing in decease have been reported intermittently in the imperativeness. In Maharashtra. a civil autonomies organisation took the province and a contractor to tribunal when the latter abused. ensuing in decease. one of the immature male childs he had brought with him from Tamil Nadu. These manifestations of force against the kid disguised as child labor calls to be addressed. In 2001. out of a 12. 6 million. about 12 million kids in India were in a risky occupation. [ 5 ] UNICEF estimations that India with its larger population. has the highest figure of laborers in the universe under 14 old ages of age. while sub-Saharan African states have the highest per centum of kids who are deployed as child labor. In 1993. the Supreme Court declared that instruction is a cardinal right boulder clay a kid reaches the age of 14 old ages. Education for the kid has got tangled with the issue of child labor ; directing the kid to school is projected as a necessary measure to stoping the pattern of child labor. In Andhra Pradesh. an administration working in the country of instruction for kids has done off with the uncertainnesss of definition by working on the premiss that every kid out of school is child labors. They have hence arrived at a non-negotiable: that every kid must belong in a school. In this position. NFE ( non-formal instruction ) centres. for case. would be a agency of perpetuating child labor. So. excessively. with the adjusting of school timings to suit the on the job kid. Child Abuse There has been increasing grounds of kid maltreatment. and more peculiarly child sexual maltreatment. being permeant. The culprit is frequently a close relation or person near to the household. This adds to the exposure of the abused kid. and. apart from the confusion and sense of shame which the kid experiences. it is besides that there is a job with a safety which the kid can entree. The dependance on the household as a support construction in times of maltreatment interruptions down when the piquing event occurs in the place. Following what is widely considered as a utile intercession in the Supreme Court in the Vishaka guidelines sing sexual torment in the workplace. the affair of kid maltreatment has besides been taken to the tribunal. and the Law Commission has been inducted into puting the parametric quantities for attention and action in instances of child sexual maltreatment. ProstitutionThe fright of AIDS. it is perceived. has given the issue of harlotry a visibleness. This has. nevertheless. led to imputing to adult females in harlotry the trait of being a ‘high hazard group’ . even as it has been contended that it is high hazard behaviors and non high hazard groups that should be targeted. It appears that forms of support have impacted on this designation of the cocotte adult female as belonging to a bad group. The demand for harlotry to be recognised as ‘sex work’ has been raised. with self-respect of the adult female in harlotry as its footing. There are differing perceptual experiences about harlotry – one which sees it as exploitative of adult females. and another that views it as stand foring the ‘agency’ of the adult females in the profession. There are assorted sunglassess of intending given to ‘exploitation’ and ‘agency’ which lies in the infinites between these two places. Decriminalization is besides proposed. and disputed. on differing apprehensions of what legalizing will intend. and do. Most of the people we spoke to on the issue of harlotry. nevertheless. felt after a treatment stressing the difference. that the pattern of harlotry should be delinked from the issue of trafficking. In this context. trafficking is seen to be the sale and purchase of adult females and misss. and. more late. male child. into harlotry. While ‘voluntariness’ is a term with ranked significances. particularly since economic irresistible impulses and societal exclusion are non uncommon causes for come ining into the pattern of harlotry. it is the clearly nonvoluntary nature of trading in human existences that is at the hub of trafficking. Trafficing in bush leagues is a flagellum that is normally referred to as a offense to be curbed. The issue has been invisibilised over the old ages. and with people in high topographic points being involved. it has helped to direct it farther underground. In the affair of trafficking. it was pointed out that proposals for look intoing all adult females going on their ain. peculiarly across boundary lines was a move detrimental to the involvements of adult females and could stop up controling their right to liberate motion and accomplish small else. TrafficingWhile trafficking in adult females is rampant in many parts of the state. and besides across boundary lines. it is Kerala that the sexual development of adult females and trafficking has been exposed. and the accused brought to test and strong belief. The Surinelli instance. the Ice Cream Parlour instance and the Vidhura instance are undiluted narrations of sexual development. In the Surinelli instance. 40 individuals. including outstanding political figures and individuals from the constitution among them. were convicted after a drawn-out test in 2000. They are now on bond while their entreaty is pending. Some women’s militants have been analyzing the issue of migration and trafficking – whether for harlotry. labor in perspiration stores. domestic work which is frequently ill-paid and oppressive. or as mail order brides — while recognizing that while migration makes adult females vulnerable to exploitation – and force. migration is frequently no n entirely nonvoluntary. Women. for case. migrate to get away violent domestic state of affairss excessively. Shorn of its moral content. militants say. the jurisprudence sing trafficking could really assist adult females trafficked into state of affairss for which they did non dicker. Bonded Labour Though the Bonded Labour Act is of 1976 vintage. it was non till the Supreme Court’s judgement in December 1983 that the acknowledgment of bonded labor acquired a national range. As the title-holder of the bonded labor said it. it is †¢ Minimum rewards†¢ Minimum warrants of employment†¢ Child labor†¢ Land rights and†¢ Alcohol That needs to be dealt with to acquire people an experience of human rights. Designation. release and rehabilitation of bonded labor have happened basically by tribunal supervising. In Tamil Nadu. there is a separate ministry that has been set up to cover with bonded labor ; this was following a study given to the Supreme Court of the extent of bonded labor prevalent in the province. The issue of bonded labor has been handed over by the tribunal to the NHRC. which has set up a commission including militants. advocators and administrative officials with experience. to happen a agency of covering with the issue. Corruption and Criminalisation of Politicss Corruptness has been at the Centre of attending in assorted spheres in public life. In the recent yesteryear. criminalization and corruptness in political relations has affected adversely the character. believing procedure and inter-relationship of those components of the national elites. whose function matters the most in the development of the state. Entry of felons in political relations. straight or indirectly has resulted in atomization of political relations and eroding of regulation of jurisprudence. In rural countries. felons and blackmailers have strong political backup or feudal roots. Common adult male. particularly the illiterate 1s. who do non understand the composite and unpredictable behavior of such politicians. are easy swept away by false promises or confidences or menaces given to them during elections by politicians or their protagonists. For them. politicians are their ‘mai baap’ . who control their fate. The criminalization of political relations br ought out in the Vohra Committee study ( 1997 ) . merely confirmed what is normally known to be a fact. The mundane corruptness of the junior-grade dictator will hold to be understood in this larger context of institutionalised corruptness and offense. The extent to which such corruptness leads to every twenty-four hours misdemeanors of rights is popular cognition ; documenting cases. and the consequence of such corruptness. would assist understand the human rights dimension of corruptness as it affects the mundane individual. Responses and Schemes to control the misdemeanors of Human Rights A. CourtsThe puting up of human rights tribunals at the territory degree has begun. and militants have engaged with the procedure of set uping regulations and guidelines in footings of the process to be adopted by these tribunals. These don’t seem to hold become functional yet. and they remain sidelined and hazily constructed within the dominant judicial system. Mahila Courts. or tribunals for adult females. have been set up in some provinces. including Karnataka. The assignment of adult females as Judgess to individual Mahila Courts. and the puting up of all adult females police Stationss. are steps that are expected to do the system more accessible. and sympathetic. to adult females. B. Compensation Like the NHRC. the province excessively uses compensation as a remedial tool. Ex gratia payments made to victims is a response that has got standardised particularly in countries of struggle. The province by and large provides compensation for victims of ‘terrorist violence’ . Victims of force practised by the security forces. or province force. is non accorded this acknowledgment. C. Extraordinary Laws While utilizing the linguistic communication of ‘law and order’ . ‘public order’ and of ‘terrorism’ . the province. at the Centre and the provinces. has enacted extraordinary Torahs. These represent an premise of extraordinary powers premised on security and safety of the province and of the population at big. D. Other Laws The province has enacted. re-enacted. or amended. Torahs which deal with rights of populations considered vulnerable. The Persons with Disabilities ( Equal Opportunities. Protection of Rights and Full Participation ) Act 1995 is one case. More late. the Juvenile Justice Act 1986 was replaced by the Juvenile Justice ( Care and Protection of Children ) Act 2000. Both these Torahs have been through the procedure of audience. In the instance of the Persons with Disabilities Act. in 1998. the authorities set up a commission to reexamine the statute law. The Committee held regional audiences where interested individuals could province their place before the commission. No alterations have. nevertheless. been brought into the statute law since so. Consultations were sponsored by the authorities and other bureaus when alterations to the JJ Act were being considered. A division of sentiment on kids in struggle with the jurisprudence was discernable at a phase in the audience. This was non inv estigated farther. nor resolved. The authorities alternatively consulted with a closer group of professionals and the Juvenile Justice ( Care and Protection of Children ) Act 2000 was enacted as a consequence. E. Reding The puting up of Crimes Against Women cells in Delhi. for case. is intended to supply a topographic point for registering ailments seeking aid. supplying guidance and. where relevant. rapprochement. Violence in the place has been the primary mark. F. National Commission for Women Established by legislative act in 1990. this was one of the effects of the demand of women’s groups that adult females be given a infinite in step ining on their ain behalf. The NCW has. over the old ages†¢ intervened where women’s rights have been violated. as in the instance of tutelary colza. or where immature adult females have been kept confined by their households to forestall them from traveling off with a adult male they choose to get married and populate with ; †¢ constructed Torahs. with respect to domestic force for case. to be lobbied for credence by parliament ; †¢ conducted studies. of women’s positions on the infliction of decease punishment for colza. for case. †¢ held audiences on a separate condemnable codification for adult females. for case. or on the issue of cross-border trafficking ; †¢ organized meetings to mount force per unit area on issues such as the reserve of seats for adult females in parliament and the legi slative assemblies ; The Supreme Court has on juncture. asked the NCW to fix a strategy for the attention of victims of colza. Some provinces. such as Kerala. have besides set up a State Commission for Women. Judicial Activism In so far as India is concerned. Judicial Activism and Human Rights are interconnected inexorably. In the context of human Rights. the Government had in the instance of State of Maharastra v. Prabhakar Pandurang Sanzgiri. refused the publication of a manuscript of a book written by detenu under preventative detainment. The Supreme Court held that this violated his personal autonomy as no limitation other so those pescribed in the detainment regulation could be imposed. However this was non straight an issue of human rights but more an issue of status of preventative detainment. However. in some step the seed of human rights judicial proceeding had been implanted. Sunil Batra v. delhi Administration is the forerunner of judicial activism in the context of human rights in the Supreme Court. In this instance a inmate under sentence of decease was put in the lone parturiency. The station card was treated as a writ petion as amicus Curia were appointed who visited the gaol. viewed the con ditions of the lone cell and filled a formal writ petiotion under article 32. In Fertilizer Corporation Kamgar Union. Sindri v. Union of India. highlighted- â€Å"law is a societal hearer and this audit map can be put into action merely when some one with existent public involvement ignites the legal power. In a society where freedoms suffer from wasting and activism is indispensable for participative public justness. some hazards have to be taken and more chances opened for the public-minded citizen to trust on the legal procedure and non be repelled. from it by narrow pendency now environing venue standi† The traditional venue standi philosophy in the context of public involvement judicial proceeding. was officially and eventually given a spell pass in S. P. Gupta v. President of India. in the undermentioned terms- â€Å" ( tungsten ) here a legal wrong or a legal hurt is caused to a individual or to a determinate category of individuals by ground of misdemeanor of any constitutional or legal right or any load is imposed in dispute of any constitutional or legal proviso or without authorization of jurisprudence or any such legal wrong or legal hurt or illegal load is threatened and such individual or determinate category of individuals is by ground of poorness. weakness or disablement or socially or economically deprived place. unable to near the tribunal for alleviation. any member of the populace can keep an application for an appropriate way. order or writ in the High Court under article 226 and in instance of breach of any cardinal right of such individuals. in this tribunal unde r article 32 seeking judicial damages for legal incorrect or hurt caused to such individual or determinate category of persons† Justice Bhagwati further observed- â€Å" ( I ) T must non be forgotten that process is but a servant of justness and the cause of justness can neer be thwarted by any procedural trifles. The Court would hence unhesitatingly and without the slightest scruple of scruples dramatis personae aside the proficient regulations of process in the exercising of its distributing power and handle the missive of the populace minded single as a writ request and act upon it. Today. a fast revolution is taking topographic point in the judicial procedure ; the theater of the jurisprudence is fast changing and the jobs of the hapless are coming to the head. The Court has to introduce new methods and invent new schemes for the intent of supplying entree to justness to big multitudes of people who are denied their basic human rights and to whom freedom and autonomy have no significance. † H. Public Interest Litigation ( PIL )In Indian jurisprudence. public-interest judicial proceeding is judicial proceeding for the protection of the public involvement. PIL may be introduced in a tribunal of jurisprudence by the tribunal itself ( sumoto ) . instead than the aggrieved party or another 3rd party. At its origin. the PIL legal power of the High Courts and the Supreme Court. with a relaxed regulation of standing and simplified process. where even a post card sent to the tribunal foregrounding human rights misdemeanors could be converted into a request was a agency of asseverating the court’s relevancy in the human rights sphere. The tribunal has used †¢ commissioners to make fact happening †¢ expert bureaus to help in make up ones minding upon a class of action †¢ the issue of waies. and the monitoring of their execution by the tribunal through report-back methods †¢ the engagement of all authoritiess. at the province and the Centre. since many of the issues have been systemic. and widespread. e. g. . the status of undertrial populations. or the cleaning up of metropoliss. I. Committees of Inquiry The assignment of Judgess to represent committees of enquiry under the Commissions of Inquiry Act 1952 is a normally used device to squelch immediate protest and agitation. and to supply a veneer of nonpartisanship to the probe. This procedure has lost rather significantly in footings of credibleness. since most committee studies come long after the event. and all excessively frequently gives a clean chit to the authorities. The Srikrishna Commission of Inquiry into the Bombay public violences of 1992-93 following the destruction of the Babri Masjid is held out by militants as an exclusion. There is an appropriation by human rights militants of the device of ‘Commissions of Inquiry’ . and this device has been resorted to regularly in the past decennary. The legal assistance system. now established under the Legal Services Authorities Act 1987. is one possible intercession in the sphere of human rights. It nevertheless remains litigation-dominated. and is unavailable at t he points in the system where human rights misdemeanors may happen. The famine. near-absence. of legal assistance available for the victims of the Union Carbide catastrophe in Bhopal has been represented as one case of the incapacity. or neglect. of the legal assistance system in reacting to reding. litigative and advisory demands of a victim-population. J. The Role of Nongovernmental Organizations Globally the title-holders of human rights have most frequently been citizens. non authorities functionaries. In peculiar. nongovernmental organisations ( NGOs ) have played a central function in concentrating the international community on human rights issues. For illustration. NGO activities environing the 1995 United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing. China. Drew unprecedented attending to serious misdemeanors of the human rights of adult females. Organizational independency and operational self-sustainability of an NGO can be achieved by an accent on their mediation and audience functions. but without ignoring the societal public assistance function. * The Social Welfare Role – where alleviation and charity are cardinal actions. NGOs in this function can be seen as originating internal programmes and undertakings. Major secondary histrions who would back up the NGO in this function include international giver bureaus and other charity establishments. * Th e Mediatory Role – where communicating as a accomplishment is of import for development and societal action. NGOs in this function can be seen as take parting or taking up external programmes and undertakings. Major secondary histrions include authorities bureaus and other formal establishments. * The Consultative Role – where support. certification and airing of information and expertness is critical. NGOs in this function can be seen as working in collaborative programmes. Local experts/professionals/resource individuals play major secondary functions Mentions * Pravin H. Parekh. †Human rights yearbook 2010† . Cosmopolitan Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. * Pravin H. Parekh. †Human rights yearbook 2009† . Cosmopolitan Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. * AIR 1995 * Constitutional Law of India- H. M. Seervai. 4th edition. Vol -3. Pub. ByUniversal Law Publishing Co. PVT. LTD. * Dr. Ambedkar and the Indian Constitution – Prof. G. Manoher Rao. Pub. By Asia jurisprudence house. * Commentary on the Constitution of India- D. D. Basu. Justice CK Thakker. Justice SS Subramani. Justice TS Doabia. Justice BP Banerjee. Pub. By Lexis Nexis. * Public Interest Litigation- P. M. Bakshi. 3rd edition. Pub. By Ashoka Law House. ——————————————–[ 2 ] . Pravin H. Parekh. †Human rights yearbook 2010† . Cosmopolitan Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. P. 19 [ 3 ] . Pravin H. Parekh. †Human rights yearbook 2009† . Cosmopolitan Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. Pp 8-9 [ 4 ] . Ibid p. 12 [ 5 ] . Ibid p. 13[ 6 ] . The Commission was constituted by an Act of Parliament. The Act is divided into eight Chapters dwelling of 43 Articles. Particular powers conferred to the Commission under Article 10 ( degree Celsius ) which says. â€Å"the Commission shall modulate its ain process. † There are 19 Articles under Procedural Regulations. [ 7 ] . India ratified both instruments on 10th April 1979. [ 8 ] . Delhi Domestic Working Women’s Forum v. brotherhood of India ( 1995 ) 1 SCC 14. No strategy has yet emerged from the exercising that must hold followed from the 1994 order.

Sex Offenders Essay Example Essay Example

Sex Offenders Essay Example Paper Sex Offenders Essay Introduction Fear is the natural human emotion, the one that gives men the opportunity to retrieve when they feel they are in danger and that keeps people from the unreasonable actions. But it’s well known that when fear becomes constant it ruins the human’s personality, and deprives him/her of the chance for happy living. Fear for the physical safety of the person himself or herself, or of her relatives and friends is one of the worst kinds of fear, as most of the contemporary people feel themselves helpless and unprotected from the person who wants to hurt them physically.For lots of people sexual offence is the worst kind of physical offence, as it is still considered to be somehow â€Å"shameful† in our society. Sexual offence is a topic most people are afraid and ashamed to talk about with their friends and family, not even mentioning the officials or the specialists able of helping them. This is maybe the reason for which sexual offenders are despised in all of the comm unities worldwide.The scientists, psychologists, social workers and medical workers express various opinions on the punishment, which should be laid on sex offenders. They offer the variety of alternatives, beginning from psychological treatment and ending with paroling and chemical castration. But the recent experience shows that all of those methods are insufficient, as they do not influence the rate of repeated crimes after the molesters are let out. The thing is that sadism, masochism and pedophilia, from which the sex offenders almost always suffer, are sexual disorders which are very hard to treat, and Zigmund Freud emphasized they was incurable. The only way to indemnify our relatives, friends and ourselves from those people, is to lock them somewhere, for not to let them see the objects of their lust.Katy Butler says in her article Beyond the Bogeyman in Psychotherapy Networker, that: â€Å"The Social Organization of Sexuality–the landmark 1994 study of American sexu al practices spearheaded by the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) and University of Chicago professor Edward Laumann–found that 17 percent of its adult female informants and 12 percent of its male informants said they’d been touched sexually (90 percent genitally) by at least one adult before they turned 14.† It means that at least 23.8 million adult American women and 16.7 million men were sexually abused as children. Karen Crummy in her article in Boston Herald says that the study conducted in May 2000 proved that over half of the sexual assault crimes are against children, and the majority of the wrongdoers are the members of the kid’s family or people close to the familyLets compare this number to that of the registered child molesters. For example, in Idaho there were 2,562 registered sex offenders in 2005. (Worst Molesters Unsupervised. After prison, Idaho’s violent sex, Spokesman Review, The (Spokane), 2005). Even if we presume that one molester is capable of hurting dozens of children throughout his lifetime, the difference in number still shows us that only a small part of child molesters are caught and registered.The same thing is with the sex offenders whose sexual objects are grown-ups. For example, the rape victimization rate was 3,0 per one thousand, and for man this rate was 0,4. Moreover, 68,9% of rapists were at least acquainted with their victim (Rape Figures, 2000). Thus, as you see, no one may feel himself or herself safe in our times, as the number of sex offenders is great, and so is the risk to become the offender’s victim. Unfortunately, this is the current U.S ineffective policies concerning sex offenders, which let the sex offences rate stay so high.Registering the sex offenders is one of the ways that exist nowadays for to let people protect themselves and their kids from the sex offenders. Unfortunately lots of sex offenders manage to stay out of the lists. The thing is that in most sta tes a person is not required to register unless he or she was convicted in sex offence. In the same time the jurists say that molesting, especially in case children are the victims, is one of the hardest crimes to prove. The prosecutors often fail to prove molestation due to the lack of physical evidence. The only things the court usually has to lean upon are the evidence of the victim, which are often bizarre and muddled, as the psychic of the child supersedes the memories about the traumatizing experience. One more significant factor is that the atmosphere of the court is also traumatizing for the child, and in most cases the parent is not allowed to sit near the child who’s witnessing. Thus the child molesters often manage to get off light and are let out to our streets where they can search for new victims.Tim Bynum, the author of the Center for Sex Offender Management (CSOM) wrote: â€Å"For a variety of reasons, sexual assault is a vastly underreported crime. The Natio nal Crime Victimization Surveys (Bureau of Justice Statistics) conducted in 1994, 1995, and 1998 indicate that only 32 percent (one out of three) of sexual assaults against persons 12 or older are reported to law enforcement. A three-year longitudinal study (Kilpatrick, Edmunds, and Seymour, 1992) of 4,008 adult women found that 84 percent of respondents who identified themselves as rape victims did not report the crime to authorities.†The statistics says that most sexual crimes against children are committed inside the family. The other members often choose not to let anyone know about the molestation and sexual abuse which’s happening inside the family, as they are afraid of public attention and disgrace. It often happens in such families that the child is blamed for the things that happened with him or her, like in the case that was investigated in Milwaukee in 1999. The 13-year old girl was assaulted by her step-father, but when he was let out on bail it was she who was sent out of home to live with another relative, as the molester was forbidden to see his victim. A man returned home, to where his wife, the girl’s mother together with their mutual child awaited him. † The child has been further victimized by her family, who have told her she is to blame,† Assistant District Attorney Holly Bunch said. â€Å"She’s the one who is out of the house, not the defendant. The victim’s mother has chosen him over her daughter.†The most recent news about sex offenders’ registration is that â€Å"Authorities have no idea where most of the 4,500 registered sex offenders who fled Louisiana and Mississippi in the wake of Hurricane Katrina ended up.† (Lost sex offenders land here, 2005). Only a small part of them was found, thus for now we have to watch closely, as any person who fled from Katrina could be a potential sex offender.Sex offenders are a specific group of criminals for whom the normal expectat ions and principles cannot be applied. The thing is that most of the sex offenders, especially those who prefer children, are unhealthy individuals who are unable to control their sexual urges and desires. Over the decades the psychologists tried to find out what make some people choose children as the sexual objects. The author of the article Settling the Child Molesters in The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (2003) claims that â€Å"some sexual predilections — and pedophilia is one of them — are everpresent.† This viewpoint seems to be the sound one, as it’s known that in spite of all of the treatment the offenders get, the rate of the re-offence doesn’t lower. The attraction to kids is a sexual disorder, the one that is still incurable in our times, at least the serious cases of it. Child molesters are simply the deranged individuals who cannot control their sexual emotions towards children. They have the normal sexual urge, but it is the object of t his urge which is not normal. Despite of all the measures taken for to help them change this object, or to limit their access to children, the pedophiles will make everything they can for to get the contact with children.Dennis M. Doren in his book Evaluating Sex Offenders writes that at the first sight those are people who do not differ from the ordinary citizens; it is often unbelievable that they could commit crimes. But, in the same time, those people are often very intelligent and highly manipulative; they try to apply the techniques they used on their victim on the counselors and the prison staff.Prentky, Lee, Knight, and Cerce (1997) found that the rate of repeated offence during 25 years was 39% for rapists and 52% for child molesters. Thus, we can see that the offenders repeated their crimes very frequently, so that the citizens should be given an opportunity to receive information about them for to protect themselves and their loved ones from the sexual offence. For to rea ch this goal tougher legislation is needed which will make the offenders to provide their address to the local legislation establishments as soon, as they move. Also all the offenders should be photographed once in five or seven years and their photos should be updated in the databases, accessible by the public.Some social activists say that exposing the data about sex offenders to the public is violating their privacy. It is true that when the neighbors get to know that the person who lives nearby is a sex offender they may hurt him physically or emotionally, but it is obvious that the safety of the potential offenders’ and molesters’ victims is of greater importance than the supposed psychological problems of the sex offenders whose dislocation and records are exposed to the public.One of the problems that exist with the sex offenders’ databases today is that they can mostly be accessed through the Web. The thing is that there are lots of people who are unable to use the Internet, whether because they don’t have the access or because it is too complicated for them. The information about the child molesters and other sex offenders should be provided in other ways, such as by phone or in some booklets.As you see, the situation that exists in our society regarding the sex offenders is complicated. Lots of things should be done for to make them less dangerous for the citizens, like making their personal records accessible to the public and warning people of the sex offenders living nearby. Our streets should be safe to walk by, and every person regardless of the sex, are or gender should feel himself/herself protected. Sex Offenders Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

Free Essays on The Tango

The Tango Throughout the late 1800’s, many people migrated to Argentina from Spain, Africa, Italia, and the Ukraine. This mixture of people from their homes to a new land left them feeling like a stranger in their new environment. Many of these people had left their homes and ended up in the slums and brothels of Buenos Aires in search for companionship and comfort. The tango was formed from these brothels being the dance to describe their loneliness, pain, and feeling of hopelessness in their new surroundings. Because of the great amount of immigrants coming from Europe and Africa, the people to form the tango brought with them elements from their cultures. The word â€Å"tango† is supposedly derived from the Latin word â€Å"tangere† which means to touch. This would have well described the dance because the tango was a very passionate dance with usually entailed dancing without separation of the two bodies. It is possible that the religion candombe of the Africans that were brought to Argentina influenced the tango with its steady beat of the drums. The mestizo mixture of Spanish and Indian music from the pampas combined the Spanish and Indian music called the milonga. The implementation of an accordion-like instrument was also imported from the German immigrants. The dance was said to have been the imitation of the relationship between a pimp and his prostitute. It could also have been a representation of a dueling between men in competition for a woman. The dance rose from being exclusive to the brothels as the upper class men and women started dancing it. However, many of the moves were too sexual that the women wore garments to protect themselves from common too close to the male. This also entailed a taming of the tango as it grew up into parts of Europe. The tango has survived an entire century becoming extremely popular in most of the Western World. It has won awards and made its way to the stages o... Free Essays on The Tango Free Essays on The Tango The Tango Throughout the late 1800’s, many people migrated to Argentina from Spain, Africa, Italia, and the Ukraine. This mixture of people from their homes to a new land left them feeling like a stranger in their new environment. Many of these people had left their homes and ended up in the slums and brothels of Buenos Aires in search for companionship and comfort. The tango was formed from these brothels being the dance to describe their loneliness, pain, and feeling of hopelessness in their new surroundings. Because of the great amount of immigrants coming from Europe and Africa, the people to form the tango brought with them elements from their cultures. The word â€Å"tango† is supposedly derived from the Latin word â€Å"tangere† which means to touch. This would have well described the dance because the tango was a very passionate dance with usually entailed dancing without separation of the two bodies. It is possible that the religion candombe of the Africans that were brought to Argentina influenced the tango with its steady beat of the drums. The mestizo mixture of Spanish and Indian music from the pampas combined the Spanish and Indian music called the milonga. The implementation of an accordion-like instrument was also imported from the German immigrants. The dance was said to have been the imitation of the relationship between a pimp and his prostitute. It could also have been a representation of a dueling between men in competition for a woman. The dance rose from being exclusive to the brothels as the upper class men and women started dancing it. However, many of the moves were too sexual that the women wore garments to protect themselves from common too close to the male. This also entailed a taming of the tango as it grew up into parts of Europe. The tango has survived an entire century becoming extremely popular in most of the Western World. It has won awards and made its way to the stages o...

Analysis of the smoking ban effect

Analysis of the smoking ban effect â€Å"On the 26th March 2006, smoking was banned in enclosed public places in Scotland.† This essay will consider different aspects of this ban, including a consideration of the extent to which the theory of externalities can be used to justify government legislating on smoking, an analysis and explanation of the short run impact of the smoking ban on market for alcohol sales in pubs and clubs, the market for cigarettes and the market for chewing gum and, finally, an explanation on whether the smoking ban would have any effect on the production possibility curve. All of this will create an economic insight into the effects of the 26th March 2006 smoking ban. Firstly, the theory of externalities will be considered as externalities are seen in almost every area of economic activity, therefore are also important to analyzing the effects of the smoking ban in enclosed public places. Garratt and Sloman (2010, p.517) define them as â€Å"costs or benefits of production or consumpt ion experienced by society but not by the producers or consumers themselves. Externalities are likely to cause market failure if the full social costs and social benefits of production and consumption are not taken into consideration. Social cost includes all the costs of production of the output of a particular good or service. We include the external costs arising, for example, from pollution of the atmosphere. It is therefore important to consider how this theory of externalities justifies the government legislating on smoking. Cigarettes in the UK have an enormous taxation rate – in 2009, 10.5 billion pounds were raised in tax revenue from tobacco for the UK government. People usually tend to smoke a lot when they are drinking so if they are not allowed to smoke inside the clubs and bars, there is not as big as a demand as if people were allowed to smoke in bars and clubs. This means that the government loses the money it could have raised from the tobacco taxation if the re was a bigger demand. The money that has been raised from putting taxation on tobacco is usually invested in healthcare as a public good so it can be perceived as an external benefit. However, government this way avoids the damage of issues that are caused by smoking, such as less productive workforce and the vast amount of money that has to be put into healthcare because of the health issues caused by smoking. Therefore it can be argued that the government loses money but at the same time invests in the long-run welfare and healthcare of the people who are living in Scotland. Some benefits might include women smoking less, therefore living longer or having healthier babies. These benefits of the government legislating on smoking might seem insignificant now because it could be argued that people who smoke, will find a way to smoke anyway, especially with bars and clubs investing in comfortable outdoor smoking areas, but the external benefits of the smoking ban are much more impor tant – the reduction of secondary smoking health costs (non-smokers now do not have to suffer from other people smoking indoors), especially when the smoke that accumulates indoors only contributes to damaging health to people who are inside enclosed places. Also, not being able to smoke inside discourages more people from smoking or they smoke less frequently because a lot of people just can’t be bothered to go outside. This is the case especially amongst young people where smoking is still considered a social activity so if they can’t smoke in bars and clubs – they won’t. Also people are discouraged from smoking in a way that doesn’t affect the black market which is good because then the government does not have to spend extra money on dealing with the black market while spending huge amounts of money improving the health of the people. Taking all these arguments into account, the theory of externalities can be used to justify government l egislation on smoking.

BULLYING AND THE EFFECTS IT HAS ON OUR CHILDREN Assignment

BULLYING AND THE EFFECTS IT HAS ON OUR CHILDREN - Assignment Example Almost one in every five, students in normal classrooms, in one way or the other, experiences bullying, which has detrimental effects and leads those being bullied to take drastic measures, including murder and/or suicide. Bullying has consequences for the children being bullied, those perpetrating the bullying, for the bystanders who watch the bullying happening, and for the entire school climate and culture. Bullying portends both long and short-term damage for the victims (Voors, 2010). They suffer from mental health issues like; low self-esteem, fear, depression, and shame, as well as physical problems like wounds and bruises from the bullying, bed-wetting, disruptions in sleep pattern, and psychosomatic aches. Depression suffered by victims of bullying can both be long term and acute, of which the latter results in the children being constantly withdrawn and sad. Physical symptoms like; upset stomach, headaches, and stomach-aches are also common effects of the vice, while they are also afraid of talking the school bus as they feel they could have to face the bully in a confined space. Victims of bullying also have social difficulties, such as inaccurate social perceptions, isolation, and skills. In addition, they will also suffer within the school setting, especially with regards to school violence, absenteeism, poor performance in academics, poor concentration, and breakdown in inte rconnectedness with the rest of the school. Finally, their social interactions are also affected, as they are more likely to engage in crime, violence, gang membership, and drug abuse (Voors, 2010). The victims suffer problems associated with bullying into their adult life, including posttraumatic psychological disorders and self-destructive behaviour. In addition, they feel anxious and stressed if they have to attend gatherings with their fellow peers. Bullying also has effects on its perpetrators with children who constantly bully others more

Foundations of Information Technology assignment Essay

Foundations of Information Technology assignment - Essay Example were only used in big companies but this days they are used by the normal humans to perform their day to day tasks of life and this increases the efficiency of work done using computers. Computers are partially the backbone of economical and industrial growth in most countries. Security is a vital element in most places as man has grown to be greedy over the past few centuries. IT has been used by various companies like the airport authorities to come up with metal detectors \and walkthrough detectors that are used to detect metallic elements in peoples luggage and also on people especially with the walkthrough detectors that scan the whole body. Cloud storage is used by essentially all companies to store vital information and they can retrieve it from anywhere in the world as long as they have the wright access codes to get through to the information. The information is remotely maintained, managed, and backed up in online servers. Cloud storage is advantageous in many ways among them disaster recovery and cost saving. (Baylor University, 2013). Disaster recovery is made possible by the fact that the information is stored online and it is backed up hence can be retrieved

Reflections Through the Looking Glass Essay Example for Free

Reflections Through the Looking Glass Essay Gazing at who the world perceives me to be†¦..A hesitant glance, my mind is flooded with questions. Who am I? Is this reflection a true representation of me? The looking glass offers up an image. An image that I know not to be true. It is a temporary snapshot of, supposedly, who I am. Am I to believe that this blunt and uncomfortably â€Å"honest† silver artist truly portrays ME, and all those that make use of the looking glass? It occurs to me that maybe it is not what one sees in the reflection that defines who I am, but rather what I feel. Sadly the reflection can be misused. We so often search for not who we are but who we want to be. The looking glass can begin to form part of an addiction to some and just like all other addictions, it damages the user. This ritual becomes, in some ways the source of a self-inflicted pain. Instead of pain in a physical sense, it takes its toll on one’s self esteem. I think that we all experience this at some stage in our lives where we simply loath that which is reflected in the mirror and feel pressured to change our image so as to fulfil the supposed requirements of society. In Sylvia Plath’s poem ‘Mirror’ she describes the arrogance of a woman’s mirror. In the last two lines she describes how the mirror has changed her self-perception and how she has aged. â€Å"In me (the mirror) she has drowned a young girl, and in me an old woman rises toward her, day after day, like a terrible fish.† I believe that Sylvia Plath’s poem addresses our concern with our outward appearance. However I think that, like in this poem, as in society, the most important aspect of one’s reflection is not made clear. We need to realise that our outward appearance is not all that the looking glass reflects, for indeed, if we look deeper, beyond the physical bonds of the looking glass, the heart becomes clear, for it is the reflection of our heart on the silver that truly defines who we are Don’t become a prisoner to the bondage of the looking glass. The only true facets of you are absent in the echo of the reflection. Shatter the glass with your inner truth and be liberated to see beyond the silver reflection – into your heart, where the Glory of God resonates the truth of who you are and let the shattered lies of the looking glass tumble into a heap of debris where they belong!

Recognition and Prevention of Occupational Stress :: Human Resource Management HRS

Abstract This paper examines stress in the workplace and examines secondary literature to recommend methods of reducing and preventing stress. The literature used provided great insight into the causes and effects of occupational stress and its affects on organizations collectively. The recommendations and techniques discovered were very interesting and provided detail pertaining to stress management. Introduction Most people experience stress on a daily basis however, occupational stress is one issue that is rarely discussed. A lot of people may not want to admit that their job is causing them stress or their work environment is a somewhat nerve wrecking experience for them. Although rarely admitted or talked about workplace stress is an issue that must be addressed avidly by HR Personnel and Managers. It is pertinent that this be discussed because it is stress and anxiety that creates barriers to escalating productivity and high motivation among employees. This paper will focus on a number of things. Topics to be discussed include; 1. A general discussions of stress and anxiety. - This section will focus on the definitions of Stress and Occupational Stress and talk about stressors and their outcomes according to secondary literature. 2. Moderators of Occupational Stress. - This section will discuss forms of moderators for Workplace Stress such as social support and coping skills 3. Recommendations for stress reduction in the workplace. - This topic will discuss the Employee Assistance Program and Organizational Change. The Job Stress Reduction Process of reducing and preventing stress and anxiety in the workplace will be described. The objective of this paper is to examine stress and anxiety in the working environment and provide recommendations as to how this issue could perhaps become a smaller problem in some workplaces. Through certain techniques this situation could become less of a hindrance and perhaps even somewhat non-existent in some working environments where stress is only visible in small amounts. Stress and anxiety will be researched collectively but more specifically how to prevent excessive levels. Promotion of programs to implement strategies to help alleviate this concern will also be discussed. Overview of Stress What is Stress? "Stress - The confusion created when one's mind overrides the body's basic desire to choke the hell out of someone who so desperately deserves it" (Author unknown). There are many biological, engineering and physiological definitions of stress but, the definition above is the most simplified and applicable in today's fast moving business world.

Business communication trends

When I was working in if I had a Job, how this sentence would play into my day-to-day work activities would be is not have conflicts with my other workers, in if there were any conflicts I would try to smooth things out instead of making things worse, you want your coworker's to trust you not let them think you are against them, immunization skills is the best thing anyone can have because instead of someone talking behind your back saying this and that if you have great communication skills at work, conflicts can be handled without words being passed among each other, things can be controlled in a very timely and efficient way.How does it help you manage your daily activities? How it helps me is when I am working on our assignments or ass's, I find myself writing better so that people can understand what I am trying to relay to them I Just have to be careful of my run-on sentences, I still have some improvement on my immunization skills but I am taking it day by day, because I have had some complaints about my writing skills that's why I refer verbally speaking than writing mayday of the week because you don't have to worry about your punctuation of any kind. What trends have you seen in your current or previous workplace?I have not worked in quite a while, but I do use a lot of the communication skills with my schooling, because we have to communicate every week through our assignments as well as our ass's, and if what we are saying don't make sense or they cannot understand it, it means nothing at all, because if your words are not clearly written no one will understand what you are trying to relay to them, because before coming to the university my communication skills were terrible still is but I am hoping to improve hopefully this class will help me learn the right communication skills that I need to know.What message types are results of these trends? The message types consist of different kinds and if they are not used correctly they don't amount to a h ill of beans. The types that I can say can help me are verbal, mails, note taking, and letters.The reason I chose these is because when you are writing notes or letters or even sending emails you need to have great communication skills, without them whomever is reading your messages they want make any sense because communication skills is or can be very important, especially to whom you are writing to and about. Because for one you want your client or whoever you are writing to, to understand what you are writing about not trying to guess on the topic or subject that is being written on or about. No references again:

Zombies Rogerian Argument

Zombies have taken over. They dominate television shows, movies and anything else related to pop culture and have become increasingly more popular as the years progress. Whether it’s a mob of zombies sucking the brains out of a helpless victim on the big screen or zombies terrorizing families on television shows, it is hard to ignore the gory entourage. Fans of zombie lore generally fall into two categories: those who are attracted to the popularity of zombies and see them as purely amusement and those who not only are amused by zombies, but can also see the possibility of fiction becoming reality. The possibility of a zombie apocalypse is very real and terrifying; and most of the population simply wouldn’t survive. No one is safe. Now is the time to prepare and learn about the potential threat and to ensure–above all else– survival. For hundreds of years zombies have conjured images of the reanimated dead, mindlessly searching for the next meal of human brains. While this may be true in Hollywood, zombies actually started out as mindless servants who worked on farms in Haiti, where voodoo was the main religion in practice. Voodoo priests of priestesses are believed to use medicinal concoctions which can bring the dead back to life as zombie slaves, who were then worked out in the fields. This became such a problem in Haiti that family members would guard the graves of loved ones until they were certain the body had begun to decompose, as voodoo only works on the freshly dead. (Real Zombies, 1) At any rate, many people simply do not believe in the possibility of a single zombie, let alone a zombie apocalypse. The notion of a human being brought back to life as a blood thirsty creature does sound far-fetched, and as of yet there have been no documented cases of the typical Hollywood zombie. It is human nature to resist ideas that are so outlandish and terrifying, especially given the seeming lack of proof surrounding a zombie invasion. Normally, such things can be chalked up to a simple fad taking hold of the nation’s youth as a result of cinematic glamour and the growth of social networking. Normally, most people would agree that the zombie craze will be short lived and would certainly not amount to the apocalyptic infatuation that seems to have taken hold of the populace. We always seek the rational, the explainable, the safe. Unfortunately, like history has proven time and again, inexplicable events can often change our views of what is rational and real. There is a very real and poignant possibility that we could be faced with a zombie infestation, and it could occur at any time. The conditions are right. From a scientific standpoint, the ingredients for a devastating zombie outbreak are primed and ready, with some needing only a slight evolution of a bacteria, virus, or even parasites. Toxoplasmosa Gondii is a rather terrifying parasite that can only breed in the intestines of a cat. While that may not seem unusual, the parasite actually lives and grows on rats. In order to be ingested by felines, the parasites take over the rats brain and make it scurry towards where cats habitate. What makes this even more horrifying is that over half of the human population are already infected with Toxoplasmosa and it has been scientifically proven to alter the personality of those who are infected. It would only take a few changes in the parasites to occur either naturally or in a lab before we become slaves to a parasite. Neurotoxins are second on the list. Neurotoxins are poisons(naturally occurring or man-made) that can be used to slow bodily functions to the point of being legally declared dead. They can also be used to bring those people back in a trance-like state with no memory; essentially leaving them as a shuffling, mindless husk. One case in Haiti tells of a Clairvius Narcisse, who was legally declared dead by two doctors but was found 18 years later wandering around a village. A voodoo preist had been using neurotoxins to make Clairvius into a zombie to work his fields. Next is the virus that causes Mad Cow disease. The virus turns cows into enraged attack animals, and when ingested by humans it manifests as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. This disease causes hallucinations, lack of coordination, muscle twitching and rapidly-developing dementia that an turn intensely violent. Neurogenesis is also capable of creating zombies. Neurogenesis is the act regrowing brain cells, or entire brains. This sounds great, but a lab who expiraments in neurogenesis has proven that is can cause the brain to die from the inside out; destroying parts of the rain that make us human first. It destroys the cerebral cortex and leaves only basic motor functions and instincts behind. Lastly are nanobots, which are microscopic, self-replicating robots that scientists have used to attach to viruses. These nanobots can survive even after the host dies. Now there are studies that aim to use nanobots to replace damages neural connections in the human brain. They can rewire your thoughts and survive after host death–what could possibly go wrong? (Wong,5) In lieu of the overwhelming scientific evidence that supports the possibility of a zombie apocalypse, it is imperative that the human race be prepared for such an event. It is essential that we strive to get in shape and remain healthy not only for longevity, but also for survival. The reality of the situation is that, quite simply, one cannot possibly deny that science is constantly evolving. There are weapons of warfare, both biological and chemical, that can cause mass dementia, insanity, and eventually death. Wiki,1) Is it so hard to imagine a weapon being forged that could enslave humans by destroying their minds and making them a mindless horde? Suddenly, the concept of a zombie apocalypse doesn’t seem so far fetched. While the vast majority may, thanks to the exaggerations made by Hollywood, not believe in the possibility of a zombie take-over, it is important to remember that anything is possible with the amount of technology that continues to constantly evolve. By keeping in shape, memorizing escape routes at home and being constantly aware, human-kind may stand a chance against a plague of undead. The presence of parasites able to take over brain functions, neurotoxins able to control the body, miniscule robots poised to take over the brain and viruses able to reduce humans into demented, tortured shadows of a creature, it is essential that preparations are taken in the event one of those things should evolve. The reasoning is simple and appeals to human nature: it is better to be safe, than sorry.